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Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA), also known as choroidal hypoplasia, is a heritable disorder that can result in abnormal development of inner structures of the eye. This genetic variant is associated with CEA in multiple breeds.
Variants in the PMEL17 gene (aka SILV) cause a color dilution from red or black to pale cream or white coat color. This gene has a dosage-dependent effect on pigment, with a single allele diluting black to gray and red to pale red, and a double dose producing a significantly lighter coat.
Congenital myotonia, characteristic of Fainting Goats, is a heritable neuromuscular disorder characterized by a slow relaxation of skeletal muscles following voluntary contraction. The sudden muscle stiffness often causes the animal to fall over briefly.
Congenital myotonia is a heritable neuromuscular disorder characterized by a slow relaxation of skeletal muscles following voluntary contraction. Affected foals have difficulty moving due to stiffness.
Mutations in the myostatin (MYO) gene result in muscle hypertrophy characteristic of the phenotype known as double muscling in cattle. This test only detects the nt821 variant (Del11) associated with double muscling in the Belgian Blue and other breeds.
Equine Juvenile Spinocerebellar Ataxia (EJSCA) is an inherited neurologic disease that causes ataxia in American Quarter Horses.
Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency (PK deficiency) is an inherited hemolytic anemia caused by insufficient activity of its namesake regulatory enzyme.
Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FIS) is an inherited, fatal immunodeficiency found in the Fell and Dales Pony Breeds. This syndrome is characterized by profound anemia and chronic infections.
The gray gene causes progressive depigmentation of the hair, often resulting in a color that is almost completely white by 6-12 years of age. This individual gray test will determine the genotype (which alleles and/or number of copies), whereas the coat color panel test that includes gray only detects the presence or absence of the gray alleles.
The gray allele causes progressive depigmentation of the hair, often resulting in a color that is almost completely white by 6-12 years of age. This test will detect the presence or absence of the gray allele only and is included in the Coat Color Panel. For a more detailed test that determines the specific gray allele(s), please refer to the Gray Copy Number test.
Feline polycystic kidney disease (PKD1) is a heritable form of polycystic kidney disease commonly seen in Persians and cats with Persian ancestry. Affected cats develop cysts on their kidneys, which often leads to renal failure at a later stage.
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) causes an autosomal recessive blindness in Bengal cats by destroying the cells in the back of the eye that register light.
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by degeneration of the retina resulting in progressive vision loss leading to total blindness. This Shetland Sheepdog type PRA is caused by a mutation in the CNGA1 gene. This is not the only cause of PRA in the breed.
Rod-cone dysplasia type 2 (rcd2) is a type of early-onset retinal degeneration that affects collie breeds and typically lead to blindness.
Dermatomyositis (DMS) is an immune-mediated disorder that affects skin and muscle in the Collie and Shetland Sheepdog.
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by degeneration of the retina resulting in progressive vision loss leading to total blindness. A deletion in the CACNA1F gene is one cause of PRA in racing Greyhounds. There are many known genetic causes for PRA in dogs.
The AB system is the major blood group system in domestic cats. The common blood types are A and B, ...
The agouti signaling protein interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to switch between black and ...
The Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) gene interacts with the MC1R gene to control red (phaeomelanin) ...
The agouti gene controls the distribution of black pigment, and determines whether a horse will have...
Alaskan Husky encephalopathy is an inherited fatal neurological disorder characterized by seizures, ...
Alaskan Malamute polyneuropathy is an inherited neuromuscular defect of varying severity most often ...
The feline albino mutation is a rare mutation that produces a white coat with blue eyes, and is rece...
The gene underlying the production of alpha-s1 casein in goat's milk shows polymorphisms which affec...
In Norwegian Forest Cats, a recessive mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene leads to the grad...
Five mutations in the androgen receptor gene, located on the X chromosome, are known to result in an...
Appaloosa Pattern-1 is a modifier of the leopard complex spotting (LP) and controls the amount of wh...
Adverse owner-reported behaviors (such as seizure, “glazing over”, episodic biting, and general loss...
Genetic variants of beta-casein, a protein of cow's milk, can be classified into two groups, A1 and ...
Beta-lactoglobulin is the major whey protein gene. Two common variants, A and B, are associated with...
Brindle is a striped coat color pattern with abnormal hair texture.
The Brown gene dilutes eumelanin (black pigment) to brown but does not affect phaeomelanin (red/yell...
Cats with brown gene variants have reduced amounts of black pigment and appear brownish in color.
Bulldog dwarfism is a lethal genetic defect of Dexter cattle. Affected fetuses have severe dispropor...
Bulldog dwarfism is a lethal genetic defect of Miniature Zebu cattle. Affected fetuses have disprop...
Burmese head defect (BHD), or congenital frontonasal dysplasia, is an inherited defect found in Burm...
Burmese hypokalemia is an inherited disorder found in Burmese cats that is characterized by skeletal...
Burmese russet coat color is a coat color that develops with age and is characterized by progressive...
Camarillo White is a dominant white coat color characterized by a completely white coat, mane, and t...
The Veterinary Genetics Laboratory (VGL), in collaboration with Dr. Niels C. Pedersen and staff, has...
Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Type III (CLAD-Type III) is an inherited blood disorder affect...
Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Type I (CLAD-Type I) is an inherited blood disorder affecting ...
Canine multifocal retinopathy 1 is an inherited eye disease characterized by areas of retinal detach...
Canine multifocal retinopathy 2 is an inherited eye disease characterized by areas of retinal detach...
Canine multifocal retinopathy 3 is an inherited eye disease characterized by areas of retinal detach...
Cardiac Laminopathy (CLAM) is a fatal heritable condition that results in dilated cardiomyopathy and...
Centronuclear myopathy is a hereditary myopathy of Labrador Retrievers characterized by generalized ...
Equine cerebellar abiotrophy (CA) is an inherited neurological condition found primarily in Arabian ...
Spinocerebellar ataxia (also known as cerebellar ataxia or CA) is an inherited disorder that affects...
Cerebellar Degeneration-Myositis Complex (CDMC) is a heritable disorder that causes neurological sig...
Champagne is a coat color dilution responsible for diluting both red and black pigment as well as ca...
Charcoal Bengals sport an unusual coat marking of a darker face mask and dark thick dorsal stripe ("...
Cholesterol deficiency (CD) is a recessive genetic disorder in Holstein cattle that affects lipid me...
Chondrodysplasia is a short-legged phenotype characteristic of many dog breeds. Chondrodystrophy, a ...
Chondrodystrophy, a trait that is characterized by a short-legged phenotype, also impacts the health...
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of elk and other ce...
The CLPS genetic variant causes development of cleft palate and/or cleft lip, sometimes also accompa...
There are multiple genetic causes of cleft palate within the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever bree...
Five recessive variants in the fibroblast growth factor-5 (FGF5) gene are associated with long hair ...
A brown coat color resulting in a slightly darker coat than the brown color caused by other variants...
Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA), also known as choroidal hypoplasia, is a heritable disorder that can resul...
Variants in the PMEL17 gene (aka SILV) cause a color dilution from red or black to pale cream or whi...
Cats with colored 'points' have genetic mutations associated with temperature-sensitive pigment prod...
Loss of cone function due to cone degeneration results in day-blindness and decreased visual acuity....
Cone Rod Dystrophy 1 and 2 cause early onset retinal degeneration leading to blindness in the Americ...
Congenital ichthyosis is a skin condition in which the outer layer of the skin does not form properl...
Congenital ichthyosis is a skin condition in which the outer layer of the skin does not form properl...
Congenital myasthenic syndrome is a group of inherited neuromuscular disorders that are characterize...
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is a neuromuscular disorder in Labrador Retrievers characterize...
Congenital myotonia, characteristic of Fainting Goats, is a heritable neuromuscular disorder charact...
Congenital myotonia is a heritable neuromuscular disorder characterized by a slow relaxation of skel...
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is an inherited condition in which affected individuals...
Hoof wall separation disease (HWSD) is a genetic defect in Connemara Ponies characterized by a hoof ...
Copper toxicosis is a metabolic disorder that can cause chronic liver failure and neurological probl...
Cornish Rex cats have short, soft, curly coats inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. This tra...
Coyote-dog hybrids, or coydogs, are produced by crossing coyotes with dogs. The VGL coyote-hybrid te...
Cream is a dilution that causes the palomino, buckskin, smoky black, cremello, perlino, and smoky cr...
Two variants in the Keratin-71 gene are associated with curly hair in dogs. Dogs with these curl var...
Cyclic neutropenia, also known as Gray Collie Syndrome, is a heritable disorder that affects Collies...
Cystinuria type I-A is a kidney disorder in which the kidneys are unable to reabsorb cystine, leadin...
In Doberman Pinschers, a neurological disorder causing deafness and balance/coordination issues, com...
We provide a range of services based on fecal pellets from deer or other ruminants provided to us, i...
Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is an inherited neurologic disorder of dogs characterized by gradual mu...
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart has a decreased ability to pump blood. Two ...
Dilute is an autosomal recessive trait that causes clumping and uneven distribution of pigment granu...
Several gene variants are known to produce dilute coloration in dogs. Colors are lightened (diluted)...
Distichiasis is a condition in which the eyelashes grow from an abnormal position on the edges of th...
The Dominant Black gene (K Locus) affects pigment switching between eumelanin (black) and phaeomelan...
Holsteins with the Dominant Red variant have red and white coats inherited in an autosomal dominant ...
The dominant white and white spotting mutations cause white patterning in cats.
White spotting patterns occur in many donkey breeds and are similar to those of horses in that the a...
Dominant white is a variable white spotting pattern caused by many different mutations in the KIT ge...
Mutations in the myostatin (MYO) gene result in muscle hypertrophy characteristic of the phenotype k...
The dun coloration in Dexter cattle is caused by the dilution of black pigment in the hair, producin...
Dun is a coat color dilution characterized by lightening of the coat, with the head, lower legs, man...
Equine familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (EFIH), previously called idiopathic hypocalcemia, is an...
Equine Juvenile Spinocerebellar Ataxia (EJSCA) is an inherited neurologic disease that causes ataxia...
Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency (PK deficiency) is an inherited hemolytic anemia caused by in...
Exercise-induced collapse is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness, lack...
Factor VII deficiency is a mild to moderate inherited blood clotting disorder. Affected dogs may app...
Autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (ARAI), also known as familial enamel hypoplasia (FEH), ...
Autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (ARAI), also known as familial enamel hypoplasia (FEH), ...
Fanconi syndrome is a heritable kidney disorder that affects Basenjis. Affected dogs typically prese...
Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FIS) is an inherited, fatal immunodeficiency found in the Fell and D...
Please see main VGL Forensics page
Please see main VGL Forensics page
Fragile foal syndrome (FFS) type I, formerly known as Warmblood fragile foal syndrome (WFFS) type I,...
A freemartin is a female that shares placental vascular connections with a male twin during fetal de...
Dwarfism in Friesians is an inherited disorder characterized by a disproportionate growth with reduc...
Hydrocephalus is an inherited condition in Friesian and Friesian crosses characterized by excessive ...
A dominant variant of the R-spondin-2 gene produces the longer mustache and eyebrows seen in wire-ha...
G6-Sulfatase deficiency is an inherited autosomal recessive metabolic defect that occurs in Nubian g...
Birman cats have clearly defined white feet ("gloves") as part of their breed standard. This charact...
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED) is a fatal genetic disorder that results from the inabil...
GSD IV leads to progressive organ dysfunction, generalized muscle atrophy, and eventual death in aff...
GM1 gangliosidosis in the Shiba Inu breed (SI-GM1) is a progressive, lethal disorder caused by abnor...
GM2 gangliosidosis is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease that affects dogs. This GM...
GM2 gangliosidosis is a degenerative, fatal neurological disease characterized by severe muscle trem...
Scrapie is a fatal, infectious neurodegenerative prion disease that affects sheep and goats. Natural...
The gray gene causes progressive depigmentation of the hair, often resulting in a color that is almo...
The gray allele causes progressive depigmentation of the hair, often resulting in a color that is al...
The American Hairless Terrier is a breed that includes hairless and coated varieties. The breed's ch...
Harlequin is a pattern seen in Great Danes resulting from the complex interaction of the Merle and H...
Hemophilia A/Factor VIII Deficiency is an inherited bleeding disorder in Boxers caused by a deficien...
Hemophilia A/Factor VIII Deficiency is an inherited bleeding disorder in German Shepherd Dogs and re...
Cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye) are a common cause of blindness in dogs. In Australian S...
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) is an inherited skin condition primarily found in...
Hereditary nasal parakeratosis is an inherited, recessive genetic defect that affects specialized ce...
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure used to screen embryos recovered after uteri...
This test detects DNA markers that discriminate between bison and cattle.
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) is an inherited disease of the muscles primarily found in Qua...
Cats affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at risk of sudden cardiac death. In Maine Coons, a ...
Cats affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk of sudden cardiac death. In Ragdoll c...
Hyperuricosuria is an inherited disorder characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the urine ...
Hypomyelination in Weimaraners leads to tremors during puppyhood that often resolve by 3-4 months of...
Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (IGS) is a disorder found in Beagles and Border Collies where vitamin B1...
Inherited myopathy of Great Danes (IMGD) is a rapidly progressive muscle myopathy characterized by e...
The intensity coat color gene variant causes an extreme dilution of phaeomelanin (red or yellow pigm...
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an inherited disease that causes moderate to severe bliste...
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an inherited disease that causes moderate to severe bliste...
Addison’s disease occurs when the adrenal glands stop secreting necessary natural steroid hormones. ...
Juvenile hereditary cataracts are an inherited form of cataracts that commonly cause blindness in do...
Kappa-casein is an important gene for protein yield and percentage in milk. Two common variants, A a...
Korat GM1 gangliosidosis causes progressive neurologic dysfunction and premature death in Korat cats...
Korat GM2 gangliosidosis causes progressive neurologic dysfunction and premature death in Korat cats...
Lavender foal syndrome (LFS) is an inherited lethal coat color dilution found primarily in Arabian h...
Leopard complex or appaloosa spotting is a white pattern in horses characterized by a variable amoun...
Lethal white overo (LWO) is a genetic disorder that results from two copies of the version of the ge...
Leukoencephalomyelopathy is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized...
Lhasa Apso Albinism (LAA) is an oculocutaneous albinism that is characterized by white or off-white ...
Four mutations that produce long-haired coats in domestic cats have been identified in a single gene...
Long-haired donkeys produce thick, shaggy coats. Two allele variants inherited in an autosomal reces...
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an inherited disease in which affected horses can be triggered by hal...
The Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene (also called Extension) controls the production of black and...
The Melanocortin-1 Receptor gene (MC1R), also called Extension (E), controls black and red pigment p...
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene controls production of the pigments eumelanin (black) and ph...
Merle is an incompletely dominant coat color pattern characterized by irregularly shaped patches of ...
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI is an inherited lysosomal storage disease that has mild and severe forms. S...
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by skeletal abnorma...
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by skeletal abnorma...
Multidrug Sensitivity is caused by a deletion in the ABCB1 gene, also known as the multidrug resista...
Multiple congenital ocular anomalies (MCOA) is an inherited eye disorder that is associated with the...
Mushroom is a dilute coat color found in Shetland Ponies that results in a distinctive “sepia” toned...
Musladin-Lueke Syndrome (MLS) is a genetic disease in Beagles that affects the development and struc...
Formerly known as IMM, Myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM) is a muscle disease in Quarter Horses and ...
Naked foal syndrome (NFS) is an inherited disorder found in the Akhal-Teke breed and is characterize...
Narcolepsy is a disorder of the nervous system characterized by periods of sleepiness. This test det...
Narcolepsy in Labrador Retrievers is a sleeping disorder characterized by daytime sleepiness, fragme...
Natural bobtail is a naturally occurring mutation in the T-box transcription factor T gene resulting...
Neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration in young Beagle puppies is characterized by lack of coordi...
Neonatal encephalopathy with seizures is an inherited progressive brain disease of Standard Poodles ...
Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) in Rottweiler dogs is a degenerative neurological disease characterized ...
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis results from the accumulation of granules in the neurons of the brain...
Donkeys in several breeds have darker pigment around the muzzle, eye rings, belly, and upper and inn...
Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM), an inherited developmental condition primarily found in Ar...
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a condition characterized by tumors of the limbus (junction ...
“White” (cream-colored) Doberman Pinschers display a color dilution of the coat, eyes, and skin caus...
Osteochondrodysplasia is characterized by stunted growth and abnormal locomotion. Affected animals d...
Osteogenesis imperfecta is an inherited disease which causes defective collagen, leading to extremel...
A mutation in the KIT gene has been found to be the source of the dominant white spotting pattern kn...
This DNA-based parentage test uses microsatellite marker analysis to compare the DNA profile of an o...
Paunch calf syndrome (PCS) is an inherited lethal defect of Romagnola cattle characterized by abnorm...
Pearl is a coat color dilution that is characterized by a dilution of the coat, mane, and tail as we...
White spotting patterns that occur in many dog breeds do not have a uniform genetic basis, and the g...
Polled cattle breeds have been selectively bred to lack horns. Polledness is a dominant trait: all o...
Feline polycystic kidney disease (PKD1) is a heritable form of polycystic kidney disease commonly se...
Previously described as juvenile-onset, laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy (JLPP), polyneuropath...
Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy is a glycogen storage disease that results in the accumulatio...
Primary lens luxation is a painful inherited eye disorder where the lens of the eye moves from its n...
This inherited primary open angle glaucoma in Beagles results from a mutation in the gene ADAMTS10. ...
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a type of glaucoma that typically progresses gradually without...
Progressive ataxia (PA) of Charolais cattle is an inherited neurodegenerative disease affecting the ...
This progressive retinal atrophy is an inherited late-onset blindness condition seen in Abyssinian, ...
This progressive retinal atrophy is an inherited, rare form of early-onset blindness seen in Abyssin...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by degeneration of the retina resulting in progre...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by degeneration of the retina resulting in progre...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) causes an autosomal recessive blindness in Bengal cats by destroyi...
A recessive, inherited form of progressive retinal atrophy in Persian cats leads to retinal thinning...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by bilateral degeneration of the retina resulting...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in the Sloughi is a late onset inherited rod-cone dysplasia that l...
Progressive retinal atrophy rod-cone degeneration 4 (rcd4-PRA) is a heritable condition characterize...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by degeneration of the retina resulting in progre...
Progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD) is an inherited form of late-onset progressive retinal atro...
Congenital pseudomyotonia (PMT) is a recessive genetic defect seen in Chianina and Romagnola cattle ...
Pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca (PHA) is a lethal genetic defect characterized by incomplete deve...
Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKDef) is an inherited hemolytic anemia caused by a defect in the enzyme...
Pyruvate kinase deficiency in Labrador Retrievers is a chronic, severe hemolytic anemia caused by de...
Pyruvate kinase deficiency in the Basenji is a chronic, severe hemolytic anemia caused by defective ...
The extension gene, or red factor, determines whether a horse will have a chestnut base coat color o...
The mutation causing red body and red trim (called sorrel, chestnut, or red) in donkeys has been ide...
Renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis is an inherited cancer in German Shepherd Dogs.
Classic Roan is a white patterning coat color trait characterized by intermixed white and pigmented ...
Rod-cone dysplasia type 2 (rcd2) is a type of early-onset retinal degeneration that affects collie b...
Sabino is a white spotting pattern that is characterized by white markings on legs often accompanied...
Saluki encephalopathy is a neurological disorder caused by Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Defic...
The Scottish Fold breed produces cats with both straight and folded ears. A single copy of the fold ...
The Selkirk Rex breed has curled hair that can be short or long. A single copy of the variant that c...
Sensory ataxic neuropathy is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle...
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), an inherited condition primarily affecting Arabians, is cha...
The extent of shedding is impacted by several genes but two, MC5R and RSPO2, appear to have signific...
The silver dilution dilutes black/brown pigment to lighten the manes and tails of black and bay hors...
Skeletal atavism, an inherited bone development disorder found in Miniature Horses and Shetland Poni...
Skeletal dysplasia 2 (SD2) is an inherited disorder that causes a mild form of disproportionate dwar...
The Devon Rex breed produces a curly coat and the Sphynx breed is nearly hairless. The nearly hairle...
Congenital myasthenic syndrome causes a congenital muscle weakness in Devon Rex and Sphynx cats.
Ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider lamb syndrome) is a semi-lethal inherited disorder associa...
Spinal dysraphism (SD) in Weimaraner dogs is a genetic disorder present at birth that results from f...
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by progressive instability with unsteady gait and pos...
Splashed white is a variable white spotting pattern characterized by a broad blaze, extended white m...
Stargardt disease is a degenerative eye disorder resulting from the progressive loss of the photorec...
Dermatomyositis (DMS) is an immune-mediated disorder that affects skin and muscle in the Collie and ...
Primary closed angle glaucoma (PCAG) is a hereditary disease that results from a rapid build-up of p...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a genetic disease characterized by progressive photoreceptor de...
Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), also known as Pug dog encephalitis, is an inflammatory diseas...
SynchroGait is a diagnostic DNA test for a genetic variant (A) that has a major impact on the gait a...
Tiger eye is a dilute iris color characterized by a yellow, amber, or bright orange color.
Tobiano is a white spotting pattern characterized by white on the body that crosses the topline.
Trapped neutrophil syndrome is an inherited neutropenia in Border Collies that compromises the immun...
Von Willebrand disease I (vWD Type 1), an inherited bleeding disorder, results from a lack or reduce...
Von Willebrand disease II (vWD Type 2), an inherited bleeding disorder, results from a lack or reduc...
Von Willebrand disease III (vWD Type 3), an inherited bleeding disorder, results from a lack or redu...
Wolf-dog hybrids have been produced by crossing wolves with wolf-like dog breeds. The VGL wolf-hybri...
X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is an inherited disorder that affects tissues derived fro...
X-linked myotubular myopathy in Labrador Retrievers is an inherited muscle disease that manifests wi...
X-linked myotubular myopathy in Rottweilers is an inherited muscle disease that manifests with sever...
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is characterized by degeneration of the retina resulting in progre...